What is femoral anteversion and Retroversion?
Femoral retroversion is a rotational or torsional deformity in which the femur twists backward (outward) relative to the knee. The opposite condition, in which the femur has an abnormal forward (inward) rotation, is called femoral anteversion. The condition is usually congenital, meaning children are born with it.
What does anteversion mean?
In anatomy, the word “version” refers to the angle or rotation of all or part of an organ, bone or other structure in the body, relative to other structures in the body. Anteversion refers to an abnormal forward rotation.
What is the angle of anteversion?
Femoral neck anteversion (FNA) is the angle between the femoral neck and femoral shaft, indicating the degree of torsion of the femur. Differences in FNA affect the biomechanics of the hip, through alterations in factors such as moment arm lengths and joint loading.
What is angle of torsion of femur?
This angle has been reported to range from 5 to 40 degrees, but the average in adults is 10 to 20 degrees. 3. A torsion angle of greater than 20 degrees is considered excessive femoral anteversion, whereas a torsion angle of less than 10 degrees is considered femoral retroversion.
How is femoral anteversion treated?
A surgery called a femoral derotational osteotomy may be done to correct femoral anteversion. The surgery involves separating the femur bone and rotating it to the correct position. The pieces are then held in place by a rod that is inserted inside the bone.
How is femoral retroversion diagnosed?
If femoral retroversion is suspected, a doctor will do a physical examination of the legs and hips in addition to a thorough medical, developmental and family history. The doctor will also observe the patient’s gait (manner of walking) to look for signs of out-toeing or gait compensation.
What causes anteversion?
What causes femoral anteversion? Femoral anteversion can be the result of stiff hip muscles due to the position of the baby in the uterus. It also has a tendency to run in families. Typically, a child’s walking style looks like that of his or her parents.
What is Craig’s test?
Craig’s test is a passive test that is used to measure femoral anteversion or forward torsion of the femoral neck. It is also known as ‘Trochanteric Prominence Angle Test (TPAT)’. Femoral anteversion is the angle between the femoral neck and femoral shaft, indicating the degree of torsion of the femur.
What is Ryder test?
Ryder’s method8) is similar to Craig’s test in terms of the goniometer axis. The angle between a line extending from the longitudinal axis of the tibia, assumed to be vertical, to the dorsal condyle of the femur and a vertical line to the ground is considered to represent femoral anteversion.
What is COXA Vara and Valga?
Coxa valga is a deformity due to an increase in the angle between the head and neck of the femur and its shaft (normally 135 degrees). Coxa vara is the opposite: a decreased angle between the head and neck of the femur and its shaft. Coxa vara is usually indicated when the angle is less than 120 degrees.
How is femoral torsion measured?
It is also known as Femoral neck anteversion. There are various ways via which femoral anteversion can be measured. These are some methods used: imaging using radiography, fluoroscopy, computed tomography (CT), ultrasound (US), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as well as functional assessments.
What is the angle of torsion in a newborn?
forming a positive angle of torsion. angle of 32.22° was found during the 36th week. During the 37th and 38th weeks gradual detorsion of the angle took place. The process of detorsión also continued during the first and second years of postnatal life till the adult torsion angle of 9.6° was reached (Table 1).
How is femoral retroversion treated?
An excessive femoral retroversion can place stress on hip and knee joints, often leading to joint pain and abnormal wear. In these situations, a surgical procedure known as a femoral osteotomy may be used. This surgery includes cutting and realigning the femur.
What is normal femoral retroversion?
Normal version is a forward angle of 12-15 degrees. In individuals with version deformities, the femoral neck may be rotated either too far forward – a condition called excessive anteversion, or too far backward, which is called retroversion.
Is coxa valga serious?
Some cases of coxa valga cause no symptoms and don’t need treatment. Moderate to severe cases are generally treated with physical therapy and the use of canes, walkers, or crutches to make walking easier.
How is coxa vara diagnosed?
Coxa vara usually presents with a limp, a leg length difference, and limited ability to bring the thigh out to the side. X-rays are used to diagnose coxa vara. Depending on what caused the condition and how severe the deformity, reconstructive surgery may be needed to improve the hip alignment and biomechanics.