What is a flocculant agent?
Flocculating agents are chemical additives that cause suspended solids to form aggregates called flocs. These agents are used in water treatment, municipal and industrial waste treatment, mineral processing, and papermaking. Flocculating agents are either inorganic salts or water-soluble organic polymers.
What are commonly used as flocculants?
Aluminum sulfate or alum (Al2(SO4)3), ferric chloride (FeCl3) and ferric sulfate (Fe(SO4)3) are the most widely used flocculants [1, 70]. These flocculants have a long history of use in removing colloidal particles from water and wastewater [15, 17].
What is a flocculant in water treatment?
Flocculation is a water treatment process where solids form larger clusters, or flocs, to be removed from water. This process can happen spontaneously, or with the help of chemical agents. It is a common method of stormwater treatment, wastewater treatment, and in the purification of drinking water.
What chemicals are used in coagulation in water treatment?
Aluminum sulfate (alum) is the most common coagulant used for water purification. Other chemicals, such as ferric sulfate or sodium aluminate, may also be used. Coagulation is usually accomplished in two stages: rapid mixing and slow mixing.
What are the types of flocculation?
concept of the flocculation mechanism has been classified into charge neutralization, electrostatic patch, and polymer bridging [63].
What are coagulants and flocculants?
Coagulation and flocculation are two separate processes, used in succession, to overcome the forces stabilising the suspended particles. While coagulation neutralises the charges on the particles, flocculation enables them to bind together, making them bigger, so that they can be more easily separated from the liquid.
What are two types of chemicals used in coagulation?
Traditional chemical coagulation uses aluminum and iron coagulants. The most common aluminum coagulants are aluminum sulfate, aluminum chloride, and sodium aluminate. Iron coagulants include ferric sulfate, ferrous sulfate, ferric chloride, and ferric chloride sulfate [4].
What are coagulating agents?
Coagulating agents like rennet, and in some cases, a food-grade acid help in setting milk into curd and whey. A starter is used in most cheese varieties to create flavor and texture. Removal of whey leads to cheese curd, which may be pressed.
What is the difference between clarifier and flocculant?
The main difference between the flocculant and pool clarifier is where the clumped particles go. Clarifier keeps the bounded matter at the top of the pool to be grabbed by the pool filter. Meanwhile, pool floc snags the particles, assembles them, and then sinks them to the bottom of the surface.
How do you make flocculant powder?
Prepare your coagulant–flocculant solution by adding one quarter teaspoon of alum powder to about three teaspoons of tap water. (You might have to heat the solution in the microwave to get the powder dissolved.) Stir the solution until all the alum powder is dissolved.
Is gypsum a flocculant?
The solubility and effectiveness of gypsum as a flocculant is based on purity and particle size. REGYP’s solution grade and aerial grade gypsum products are made from natural high purity gypsum with a particle size distribution designed for easy dissolution in both irrigation & pumping systems.
Is Surfactant a flocculating agent?
b) Surfactants Both ionic and non-ionic surfactants are capable of doing flocculation of the suspended particles. At a particular concentration, the surfactants trim down the surface free energy by reducing the interfacial tension between the liquid medium and solid drug particles.
What is coagulating agent?
A coagulant is a compound or agent which is added to a vessel to help thicken something. Adding a coagulant such as aluminum sulfate to water permits particles to come together and results in the formation of a flocculent mass.
Is alum a flocculant?
Alum, is a short term for aluminum sulfate, it works as a flocculant in your commercial pool, meaning that it attracts and traps suspended particles in the water and then sinks them to the bottom of the pool so that these particles can be vacuumed to waste.
What is the most common coagulant in water treatment?
aluminum sulfate
Aluminum and iron salts are the most commonly used inorganic coagulants in the wastewater treatment settings. These include based aluminum metals (aluminum chloride, aluminum sulfate, sodium aluminate) and iron based metals (ferrous sulfate, ferric sulfate, ferric chloride) [13, 17, 18].
What are examples of coagulants?
Examples of primary coagulants are metallic salts, such as aluminum sulfate (referred to as alum), ferric sulfate, and ferric chloride. Cationic polymers may also be used as primary coagulants.
Does flocculant lower pH?
Because flocculants can affect the pH level, you’ll want to start out with it at about 7.0 so you can make sure your sanitizer keeps working at maximum efficiency.