Where does modulation of pain take place?
Pain modulation likely exists in the form of a descending pain modulatory circuit with inputs that arise in multiple areas, including the hypothalamus, the amygdala, and the rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC), feeding to the midbrain periaqueductal gray region (PAG), and with outputs from the PAG to the medulla.
What are the steps of pain transmission?
Nociceptive pain occurs in 5 phases: 1) Transduction, 2) Conduction, 3) Transmission, 4) Modulation, 5) Perception.
What are the 4 process of pain?
Figure 7-1 illustrates the major components of the brain systems involved in processing pain-related information. There are four major processes: transduction, transmission, modulation, and perception. Transduction refers to the processes by which tissue-damaging stimuli activate nerve endings.
How does Pag modulate pain?
The PAG influences descending pain modulation primarily through its reciprocal connections with the rostroventromedial medulla (RVM) [57]. For example, excitation of PAG neurons also excites the activity of RVM neurons and is associated with inhibition of nocifensive reflexes in the rat [58].
What is meant by the term modulation?
Definition of modulation 1 : an inflection of the tone or pitch of the voice specifically : the use of stress or pitch to convey meaning. 2 : a regulating according to measure or proportion : tempering. 3 : a change from one musical key to another by modulating.
Where within the body can pain be modulated and what causes its modulation?
It can be modulated at the level of pain receptors by simultaneous activity in low-threshold mechanoreceptors; this is why it feels good to rub the skin around a bruise. Strong emotions via activity in the periventricular and periaqueductal gray (PAG) matter of the midbrain also modulate pain.
What neurotransmitter can modulate pain?
Glutamate is the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the nervous system of adult mammals. Among the neurotransmitters involved in pain transmission from the periphery to the brain, glutamate has a leading role. Glutamate is also involved in central sensitization, which is associated with chronic pain.
How does the PAG inhibit pain?
The periaqueductal grey matter (PAG) of the midbrain is involved in the supraspinal modulation of pain. Studies in non-human primates have shown that electrical stimulation of the PAG exerts a powerful antinociceptive (analgesic) action, blocking pain signals from the spinal cord.
What is modulation example?
For example, the modulation signal might be an audio signal representing sound from a microphone, a video signal representing moving images from a video camera, or a digital signal representing a sequence of binary digits, a bitstream from a computer. The carrier is higher in frequency than the modulation signal.
What is descending pain modulation?
The descending pain modulatory system (DPMS) constitutes a network of widely distributed brain regions whose integrated function is essential for effective modulation of sensory input to the central nervous system and behavioural responses to pain.
How does serotonin inhibit pain?
Says Dong: “Chronic pain seems to cause serotonin to be released by the brain into the spinal cord. There, it acts on the trigeminal nerve at large, making TRPV1 hyperactive throughout its branches, even causing some non-pain-sensing nerve cells to start responding to pain.
What neurotransmitter does PAG release?
Abstract. The stimulation of the periaqueductal gray (PAG) produces behavioral analgesia in rats, cats, monkeys, and humans. This analgesia is believed to be mediated by several neurotransmitter systems, including the serotonergic, noradrenergic, glycinergic, gamma-aminobutyric acidergic, and opiatergic systems.
What does the PAG release?
PAG is also the primary control center for descending pain modulation. It has enkephalin-producing cells that suppress pain….
| Periaqueductal gray | |
|---|---|
| FMA | 83134 |
| Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy |
What is the purpose of modulation?
The primary purpose of modulation in a communication system is to generate a modulated signal suited to the characteristics of a transmission channel. In radio communications, modulation is needed in the transmission systems to transfer the message into the available high frequency radio channel.
What is modulation technique?
Modulation is the process of converting data into electrical signals optimized for transmission. Modulation techniques are roughly divided into four types: Analog modulation, Digital modulation, Pulse modulation , and Spread spectrum method.