Where is hemagglutinin located in a virus?
Hemagglutinin (HA) or Haemagglutinin (BE) is an antigenic glycoprotein found on the surface of the influenza viruses. It is responsible for binding the virus to the cell that is being infected.
Do humans have hemagglutinin?
Over a dozen subtypes of hemagglutinin are known. Three of these (termed H1, H2, and H3) attack humans–they specialize in finding the particular sugars in our respiratory tract, so the infection occurs there when we get the flu.
What shape are both poliovirus and rhinovirus?
Many viruses, including the picornaviruses and bacteriophage phiX174, are icosahedral in shape. They are composed of 60 identical pieces that form a perfectly symmetrical shell, termed a capsid, around the viral genome.
Does coronavirus have hemagglutinin?
Human coronavirus OC43 arose relatively recently, presumably from a bovine coronavirus spillover. Both viruses use 9-O-acetylated sialoglycans as receptors to which they attach via spike protein S. Another envelope protein, hemagglutinin-esterase (HE), serves as a receptor-destroying enzyme.
How do you identify rhinovirus?
Providers usually diagnose rhinovirus by taking a medical history and doing a physical exam. If illness is severe, the provider may choose to verify the diagnosis by testing a sample of mucus. As with many other viruses, treatment for rhinovirus usually means managing the symptoms until the infection clears.
What does polio virus look like?
Poliovirus is a rather small and simple virus. It is composed of a shell, or capsid, made of protein, as shown. The poliovirus capsid is about 30 nanometers in diameter. Within the capsid is the information to make new virus particles – a single molecule of ribonucleic acid, or RNA.
Can you get polio twice?
There are three types of polio virus. Lifelong immunity usually depends on which type of virus a person contracts. Second attacks are rare and result from infection with a polio virus of a different type than the first attack.
What do spike proteins do?
One of the key biological characteristics of SARS-CoV-2, as well as several other viruses, is the presence of spike proteins that allow these viruses to penetrate host cells and cause infection.
What causes antigenic drift to occur in viral infections?
One way flu viruses change is called “antigenic drift.” Drift consists of small changes (or mutations) in the genes of influenza viruses that can lead to changes in the surface proteins of the virus, HA (hemagglutinin) and NA (neuraminidase).
What causes haemagglutination?
Hemagglutination is a reaction that causes clumping of red blood cells in presence of some enveloped viruses, such as the influenza virus. A glycoprotein on the viral surface, namely hemagglutinin, interacts with red blood cells, leading to the clumping of red blood cells and the formation of a lattice.